| Chemical | Is Incompatible With |
| Acetic acid | Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates |
| Acetylene | Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver, mercury |
| Acetone | Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures |
| Alkali and alkaline earth (e.g., powdered aluminum or magnesium, calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium) | Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated metals hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, halogens |
| Ammonia (anhydrous) | Mercury (e.g., in manometers), chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) |
| Ammonium nitrate | Acids, powdered metals, flammable liquids, chlorates, nitrates, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials |
| Aniline | Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide |
| Arsenical materials | Any reducing agent |
| Azides | Acids |
| Bromine | See Chlorine |
| Calcium oxide | Water |
| Carbon (activated) | Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agents |
| Carbon tetrachloride | Sodium |
| Chlorates | Ammonium salts, acids, powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials |
| Chromic acid and chromium trioxide | Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, alcohol, flammable liquids in general |
| Chlorine | Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane, methane, propane (or other petroleum gases), hydrogen, sodium carbide, benzene, finely divided metals turpentine |
| Chlorine dioxide | Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen sulfide |
| Copper | Acetylene, hydrogen peroxide |
| Cumene hydroperoxide | Acids (organic or inorganic) |
| Cyanides | Acids |
| Flammable liquids | Ammonium nitrate, chromatic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens |
| Fluorine | Everything |
| Hydrocarbons (e.g., butane, propane, benzene | Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid, sodium peroxide |
| Hydrocyanic acid | Nitric acid, alkali |
| Hydrofluroic acid (anhydrous) | Ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous) |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts, alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline, nitromethane, combustible materials |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Fuming nitric acid, oxidizing gases |
| Hypochlorites | Acids, activated carbon Iodine Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous), hydrogen |
| Mercury | Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammonia |
| Nitrates | Sulfuric acid |
| Nitric acid (concentrated) | Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals |
| Nitrates | Acids |
| Nitroparaffins | Inorganic bases, amines |
| Oxalic acid | Silver, mercury |
| Oxygen | Oils, grease, hydrogen, flammable liquids, solids, or gases |
| Perchloric acid | Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper, wood, grease, oils |
| Peroxides, organic | Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store cold |
| Phosphorus (white) | Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agents |
| Phosphorus pentoxide | Water |
| Potassium | Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water |
| Potassium chlorate | Sulfuric and other acids |
| Potassium perchlorate (see also chlorates) | Sulfuric and other acids |
| Potassium permanganate | Glycerol, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acid |
| Selenides | Reducing agents |
| Silver | Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartartic acid, ammonium compounds, fulmunic acid |
| Sodium | Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, water |
| Sodium nitrate | Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium salts |
| Sodium peroxide | Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin, ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural |
| Sulfides | Acids |
| Sulfuric acid | Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (similar compounds of light metals, such as sodium, lithium) |
| Tellurides | Reducing agents |
SOURCE: Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1981.
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Flammable and Combustible Liquid Container Size
Ohio Fire Code 2000 1301:7-7-03 (P) Section FM-316.0: Laboratories using Chemicals shall comply with NFPA 45 -1996
Fire Protection for Laboratories1 Using Chemicals
NFPA 45-1996 Table7-2
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SIZE OF CONTAINERS AND PORTABLE TANKS
Flammable liquids2 |
Combustible liquids2 |
|||||
Container type |
Class IA |
Class IB |
Class IC |
Class II |
Class III |
|
Glass |
500 ml3 |
1 L3 |
4 L |
4 L. |
20 L |
|
Metal (other than DOT drums) or approved plastic |
4 L |
20 L |
20 L |
20 L. |
20 L |
|
Safety cans |
10 L |
20 L |
20 L |
20 L |
20 L |
|
Metal drums (DOT spec.) |
N/A. |
20 L |
20 L |
227 L |
227 L. |
|
Polyethylene (DOT Spec.34) |
4 L |
20 L |
20 L |
227 L |
227 L |
|
Notes:
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| Chemical | Class | Flash Point | Boiling Point | Ignition Temperature | Flammable Limit (Percent by volume air) | ||
| (oC) | (oC) | (oC) | Lower | Upper | |||
| Acetaldehyde | IA | -37.8 | 21.1 | 175.0 | 4.0 | 60.0 | |
| Acetone | IB | -17.8 | 56.7 | 465.0 | 2.6 | 12.8 | |
| Benzene | IB | -11.1 | 80.0 | 560.0 | 1.3 | 7.1 | |
| Carbon disulfide | IB | -30.0 | 46.1 | 80.0 | 1.3 | 50.0 | |
| Cyclohexane | IB | -20.0 | 81.7 | 245.0 | 1.3 | 8.0 | |
| Diethyl ether | IA | -45.0 | 35.0 | 160.0 | 1.9 | 36.0 | |
| Ethyl alcohol | IB | 12.8 | 78.3 | 365.0 | 3.3 | 19.0 | |
| n-Heptane | IB | -3.9 | 98.3 | 215.0 | 1.05 | 6.7 | |
| n-Hexane | IB | -21.7 | 68.9 | 225.0 | 1.1 | 7.5 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol | IB | 11.7 | 82.8 | 398.9 | 2.0 | 12.0 | |
| Methyl alcohol | IB | 11.1 | 64.9 | 385.0 | 6.7 | 36.0 | |
| Methyl ethyl ketone | IB | -6.1 | 80.0 | 515.6 | 1.8 | 10.0 | |
| Pentane | IA | -40.0 | 36.1 | 260.0 | 1.5 | 7.8 | |
| Styrene | IB | 32.2 | 146.1 | 490.0 | 1.1 | 6.1 | |
| Toluene | IB | 4.4 | 110.6 | 480.0 | 1.2 | 7.1 | |
| p-Xylene | IC | 27.2 | 138.3 | 530.0 | 1.1 | 7.0 | |
Class II is any liquid that has a flash point at or above 37.8oC and below 60oC
Class IIIA is any liquid that has a flash point at or above 60oC but below 93oC
Class IIIB is any liquid that has a flash point at or above 93oC
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Acids:
|
Bases:
|
Others:
|
[ Back to top ]
Water Reactive Chemicals
Pyrophoric Chemicals
[ Back to top ]
Common Peroxide Forming Chemicals
List A: Severe Peroxide Hazard on Storage with Exposure to Air
Discard within 3 months
| Diisopropyl ether (isopropyl ether) | Potassium amide |
| Divinylacetylene (DVA) | Sodium amide (sodamide) |
| Potassium metal | Vinylidene chloride
(1, 1-di-chloroethylene) |
List B: Peroxide Hazard on Concentration
Do not distill or evaporate without first testing for the presence of peroxides.
Discard or test for peroxides after 6 months
| Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (acetal) | Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) |
| Cumene (isopropyl benzene) | Ethylene glycol ether acetates |
| Cyclohexene | Ethylene glycol monoethers (cellosolves) |
| Cyclopentene | Furan |
| Decalin (decahydronaphthalene) | Methylacetylene |
| Diacetylene (butadiene) | Methylcyclopentane |
| Diethyl ether (ether) | Tetrahydrofuran (THF) |
| Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) | Tetralin (tetrahydronapthalene) |
| Dioxane | Vinyl ethers |
List C: Hazard of Rapid Polymerization Initiated by Internally Formed Peroxides
Normal Liquids
Discard or test for peroxides after 6 months
| Chloroprene (2-chloro-1, 3-butadiene) | Vinyl acetate |
| Styrene | Vinylpyridine |
Normal Gases
Discard after 12 months
| Butadiene | Vinylacetylene (MVA) |
| Tetrafluroethylene (TFE) | Vinyl chloride |
[ Back to top ]
Data For Common Gases
Substances with Threshold Limit Values of 50 PPM or less should only be used in a properly operating chemical fume hood.
| Gas (state in cylinder) | Threshold Limit Values, ppm1
C=Ceiling limit |
Flammability Limits in Air % by Vol2 | Major Hazards |
| Acetylene (Dissolved) | Not established (nontoxic, produces anesthetic effects) | 2.5-81.0 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Ammonia (Liquid) | 25 | 15-28 | Toxic |
| Argon | Not established (nontoxic) | None | Asphyxiant |
| Boron trifluoride | 1 C | None | Toxic; causes burns |
| 1,3-Butadiene (Liquid) | 2 | 2-11.5 | Flammable; skin irritant; suspect carcinogen |
| Butane (Liquid) | 800 (nontoxic, produces anesthetic effects) | 1.9-8.5 | Flammable, narcosis |
| Carbon dioxide (Liquid) | 5000
C=30,000 |
None | Asphyxiant |
| Carbon monoxide | 25 | 12.5-74.0 | Toxic; chemical asphyxiant |
| Chlorine (Liquid) | 0.5
C=1.0 |
None | Irritant; causes burns; corrosive |
| Ethane (Liquid) | Not established (nontoxic, produces anesthetic effects) | 3.0-12.5 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Ethylene | Not established (nontoxic, produces anesthetic effects) | 3.1-32.0 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Ethylene oxide (Liquid pure) | 1 ppm | 3.0-100.0 | Flammable; toxic can cause burns when trapped by clothing or shoes; affects multiple organs, suspect carcinogen |
| Helium | Not established (nontoxic) | None | Asphyxiant |
| Hydrogen | Not established | 4.0-75.0 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Hydrogen bromide (Liquid) | C=3.0 | None | Toxic; causes burns; corrosive |
| Hydrogen chloride (Liquid) | C=5.0 | None | Toxic; causes burns; corrosive |
| Hydrogen fluoride (Liquid) | C=3.0 | None | Toxic; causes severe slow healing burns; corrosive |
| Hydrogen sulfide (Liquid) | 10
C=15 |
4.3-45.0 | Toxic; flammable; irritant |
| Methane | Not established | 5.3-14.0 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Methyl bromide (Liquid) | 1 | 13.5-14.5 | Toxic; causes burns |
| Methyl chloride (Liquid) | 50
C=100 |
10.7-17.4 | Toxic; flammable |
| Methyl mercaptan (Liquid) | 0.5 | Unknown | Irritant; flammable |
| Nitrogen (nontoxic) | Not established | None | Asphyxiant |
| Nitrogen dioxide (Liquid) | 3
C=5.0 |
None | Toxic; corrosive |
| Oxygen | Nontoxic | None | Highly reactive, oxidizer |
| Phosgene (Liquid) | 0.1 | None | Toxic |
| Propane (Liquid) | Not established (nontoxic, produces anesthetic effects) | 2.2-9.5 | Flammable; asphyxiant |
| Sulfur dioxide (Liquid) | 2
C=5.0 |
None | Toxic; causes burns |
| Vinyl chloride | 1 | 4.0-22.0 | Flammable; causes burns, human carcinogen |
1 Threshold Limit Values (2000) ACGIH, Cincinnati, Ohio
2 Zabetakis, M. G. Flammability "Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors" Bulletin 627, U.S. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Gov't Printing Office, WASH. D.C.
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Carcinogens Table: OSHA, IARC, NTP, ACGIH (7/14/00)
Legend
|
OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor OSHA regulated chemicals marked with "yes" |
NTP- National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Group K: known to be human carcinogens Group R: reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens |
|
IARC- International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1: carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans |
ACGIH- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Group A1: confirmed human carcinogen Group A2: suspected human carcinogen Group A3: confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans |
Table
| Chemical | OSHA | IARC | NTP | ACGIH |
| AF-2[2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] | 2B | |||
| acetaldehyde | 2B | R | A3 | |
| acetamide | 2B | |||
| acetic acid, cobalt(2+) salt | 2B | |||
| 2-acetylaminofluorene | yes | R | ||
| acrylamide | 2A | R | A3 | |
| acrylonitrile | yes | 2B | R | A2 |
| adriamycin | 2A | R | ||
| adriamycin hydrochloride | R | |||
| aflatoxin B1 | 1 | |||
| aflatoxin M1 | 2B | |||
| aflatoxins | 1 | K | ||
| alcoholic beverages | 1 | |||
| aldrin | A3 | |||
| allyl chloride | A3 | |||
| aluminium production | 1 | |||
| 1-amino-2-methylanthraquinone | R | |||
| 2-amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole | 2B | |||
| amino-alpha-c (2-amino-9h-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) | 2B | |||
| 2-aminoanthraquinone | R | |||
| para-aminoazobenzene | 2B | |||
| ortho-aminoazotoluene | 2B | R | ||
| 4-aminodiphenyl | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| amitrole | 2B | R | A3 | |
| ammonium dichromate (VI) | 1 | |||
| ammonium perfluorooctanoate | A3 | |||
| anaesthetics, volatile | 2A | |||
| analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin | 1 | K | ||
| androgenic (anabolic) steroids | 2A | |||
| aniline | A3 | |||
| ortho-anisidine | 2B | K | A3 | |
| o-anisidine hydrochloride | 2B | K | ||
| antimony trioxide production | 2B | A2 | ||
| aramite | 2B | |||
| arsenenous acid, calcium salt (2:1), and potassium salt | K | |||
| arsenic acid, calcium salt, and calcium salt (2:3) | 1 | K | ||
| arsenic acid, disodium salt, heptahydrate | K | |||
| arsenic acid, lead (2+) salt (1:1) | K | |||
| arsenic acid, monopotassium salt, and sodium salt | K | |||
| arsenic pentoxide | K | |||
| arsenic trioxide | 1 | K | ||
| arsenic, elemental and inorganic compounds as As | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| arsenious acid, monosodium salt | 1 | K | ||
| arsenious acid, calcium salt, and calcium salt (1:1) | K | |||
| art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of) | 2A | |||
| asbestos | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| asbestos, actinolite | yes | 1 | A1 | |
| asbestos, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| asbestos, tremolite | yes | 1 | A1 | |
| atrazine | 2B | |||
| auramine | 2B | |||
| auramine, manufacture of | 1 | |||
| azacitidine | 2A | R | ||
| azaserine | 2B | |||
| azathioprine | 1 | K | ||
| azbllen asbestos | K | |||
| barium chromate (VI) | 1 | K | ||
| benz[a]anthracene | 2A | R | A2 | |
| benzal chloride | 2A | |||
| benzene | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| benzidine | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| benzidine-based dyes | 2A | |||
| benzo[a]pyrene | 2A | R | A2 | |
| benzo[b]fluoranthene | 2B | R | A2 | |
| benzo[j]fluoranthene, and [k] | 2B | R | ||
| benzofuran | 2B | |||
| benzotrichloride | 2A | R | A2 | |
| benzoyl chloride | 2A | |||
| benzyl chloride | 2A | A3 | ||
| benzyl violet 4B | 2B | |||
| beryllium compounds | 1 | R | A1 | |
| beryllium aluminum alloy | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium aluminum silicate | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium and beryllium compounds | 1 | R | A1 | |
| beryllium chloride | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium compounds, n.o.s. | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium phosphate | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium hydroxide | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium oxide | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium oxide carbonate | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium sulfate | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate | 1 | R | ||
| beryllium zinc silicate | 1 | R | ||
| betel quid with tobacco | 1 | |||
| n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (chlornaphazine) | 1 | |||
| bis(chloromethyl)ether | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) | 2A | R | ||
| bitumens, extracts of steam-refined and air-refined | 2B,3 | |||
| bleomycin, chlorohydrate, and sulfate | 2B | |||
| bleomycins | 2B | |||
| boot and shoe manufacture and repair | 1 | |||
| bracken fern | 2B | |||
| bromacil | A3 | |||
| bromodichloromethane | 2B | R | ||
| bromoform | A3 | |||
| 1,3-butadiene | yes | 2A | R | A2 |
| 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate (busulphan;myleran) | 1 | K | ||
| butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) | 2B | R | ||
| beta-butyrolactone | 2B | |||
| Cl acid red 114 | 2B | |||
| Cl basic red 9 | 2B | R | ||
| Cl direct blue 15 | 2B | |||
| cadmium, elemental, and compounds, as Cd | yes | 1 | R | A2 |
| cadmium carbonate | R | |||
| cadmium chloride | 1 | R | ||
| cadmium fluoborate | R | |||
| cadmium fume (as Cd) | 1 | R | ||
| cadmium nitrate | R | |||
| cadmium oxide | R | |||
| cadmium sulfate | 1 | R | ||
| cadmium sulfide | 1 | R | ||
| caffeic acid | 2B | |||
| calcium chromate (VI) | 1 | K | A2 | |
| captafol | 2A | |||
| captan | A3 | |||
| carbon black | 2B | |||
| carbon tetrachloride | 2B | R | A2 | |
| carpentry and joinery | 2B | |||
| carrageenan, degraded | 2B | |||
| catechol | 2B | A3 | ||
| ceramic fibers | 2B | R | ||
| chlorambucil | 1 | K | ||
| chloramphenicol | 2A | |||
| alpha-chlordane, and beta, and gamma | 2B | |||
| chlordane | 2B | A3 | ||
| chlordane, technical | 2B | |||
| chlordecone (kepone) | 2B | R | ||
| chlorendic acid | 2B | R | ||
| chlorinated paraffins (C12 60% and C23, 43% chlorine) | 2B | R | ||
| alpha-chlorinate toluenes (benzal chloride, benzyl chloride, benzotrichloride) and bonzoyl chloride (combined exposures) |
2A | |||
| 2-(4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy) propionic acid (mecoprop) | 2B | |||
| 1-chloro-2-methylpropene | 2B | R | ||
| 3-chloro-2-methylpropene | R | |||
| 4-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride | 2A | R | ||
| 4-chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine | 2B | R | ||
| para-chloro-ortho-toluidine, and its strong acid salts | 2A | |||
| para-chloroaniline | 2B | |||
| chlorobenzene | A3 | |||
| chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) | A3 | |||
| 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (methyl-CCNU;semustine) |
1 | K | ||
| 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) | 2A | R | ||
| chloroform | 2B | R | A3 | |
| chloromethyl methyl ether | yes | 1 | K | A2 |
| chlorophenols | 2B | |||
| polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures) | 2B | |||
| chlorophenoxy herbicides | 2B | |||
| 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane | 2B | |||
| 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1, 1-dichloroethane | 2B | |||
| chloroprene | 2B | |||
| chlorothalonil | 2B | |||
| chlorozotocin | 2A | R | ||
| chromate(1-), hydroxyoctaoxodizincatedi-, potassium | 1 | A1 | ||
| chromic acid, lead(2+) Salt (1:1) | 1 | K | A2 | |
| chromic acid, disodium salt | 1 | K | ||
| chromite (mineral) | K | |||
| chromite ore processing (chromate) as Cr | A1 | |||
| chromium (VI) chloride | 1 | |||
| chromium (VI) compounds | 1 | K | ||
| chromium (VI) dioxychloride | 1 | |||
| chromium and certain chromium compounds | K | |||
| chromium carbamate (6Cl) | K | |||
| chromium phosphate | K | |||
| chromium triacetate | K | |||
| chromium (VI) oxide (1:3) | 1 | K | ||
| chromium, metal & inorganic compounds, as Cr, insoluble Cr VI compunds, and water soluble Cr VI compounds |
A1 | |||
| chrysene | A3 | |||
| cisplatin | 2A | R | ||
| citrus red number 2 | 2B | |||
| clonorchis sinensis (infection with) | 2A | |||
| coal gasification | 1 | |||
| coal tar, and coal tar distillate | 1 | K | ||
| coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene solubles | 1 | A1 | ||
| cobalt (II) carbonate hydroxide (2:3) monohydroxide | 2B | |||
| cobalt alloy, Co, Cr | 2B | K | ||
| cobalt and cobalt compunds | 2B | A3 | ||
| cobalt carbonate (1:1) | 2B | |||
| cobalt carbonate, cobalt dihydroxide (2:3) | 2B | |||
| cobalt (Co4(Co)12) | 2B | |||
| cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate | 2B | |||
| cobalt hydroxide | 2B | |||
| cobalt hydroxide oxide | 2B | |||
| cobalt molydate (VI) | 2B | |||
| cobalt naphthanate | 2B | |||
| cobalt oxide, (II) oxide, and (III) oxide | 2B | |||
| cobalt triacetate | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) sulfide | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) chloride, and chloride hexahydrate | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) hydroxide | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) nitrate (1:2) | 2B | |||
| cobalt (II) sulfate (1:1) | 2B | |||
| cobalt, (mu-(carbonato(2-)-O:O’))dihydroxydi | 2B | |||
| cobalt, di-mu-carbonylhexacarbonyldi-, (Co-Co) | 2B | |||
| cobalt-aluminium-chromium spinel | 2B | |||
| cobalt-chromium-molybdenum-alloy | 2B | |||
| cobalt-chromium-nickel-tungsten alloy | 2B | |||
| coffee (urinary bladder) | 2B | |||
| coke oven emissions | yes | K | ||
| coke production | yes | 1 | K | |
| conjugated estrogens (sodium [estrone & equilin] sulfate) | K | |||
| creosote, and creosote wood | 2A | K | ||
| para-cresidine | 2B | R | ||
| crotonaldehyde | A3 | |||
| cupferron | R | |||
| cycasin | 2B | |||
| cyclophosphamide | 1 | K | ||
| cyclophosphamide hydrate | 1 | |||
| cycosporin A | 1 | K | ||
| DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) | 2B | |||
| DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) | 2B | |||
| DDT | 2B | R | A3 | |
| dacarbazine | 2B | R | ||
| dantron (chrysazin; 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, danthron) | 2B | R | ||
| daunomycin | 2B | |||
| decabromobiphenyl (under polybrominated biphenyls) | R | |||
| di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate | 2B | R | A3 | |
| N,N’-diacetylbenzidine | 2B | |||
| 2,4-diaminoanisole, and its salts | 2B | |||
| 2,4-diaminoanisole sulfate | R | |||
| 4,4’-diaminodiphenyl ether | 2B | R | ||
| 2,4-diaminotoluene | 2B | R | ||
| diazomethane | A2 | |||
| dibenz[a,h]acridine, and [a,j] | 2B | R | ||
| dibenz[a,h]anthracene | 2A | R | ||
| dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, and [a,h], and [a,I], and [a,l] | 2B | R | ||
| 7h-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole | 2B | R | ||
| 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) | yes | 2B | R | |
| 1,4-dichloro-2-butene | A2 | |||
| 3,3’-dichloro-4,4’-diaminodiphenyl ether | 2B | |||
| dichloroacetylene | A3 | |||
| para-dichlorobenzene | 2B | R | A3 | |
| 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine | yes | 2B | R | A3 |
| 3,3’-dichlorobenzidine hydrochloride | R | |||
| 1,2-dichloroethane | 2B | R | ||
| dichloromethane | yes | 2B | R | A3 |
| 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid | 2B | |||
| 1,3-dichloropropene (technical grade) | 2B | R | ||
| dichlorvos | 2B | |||
| diepoxybutane, meso-1,2:3,4 | 2B | R | ||
| 1-1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane | 2B | |||
| diesel engine exhaust, and marine fuel, and distillate (light) | 2B | |||
| diethyl sulfate | 2A | R | ||
| 1,2-diethylhydrazine | 2B | |||
| diethylstilbesterol (DES) | 1 | K | ||
| diglycidyl resorcinol ether | 2B | R | ||
| dihydrosafrole | 2B | |||
| dihydroxymethylfuratrizine | 2B | |||
| diisopropyl sulfate | 2B | |||
| 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-dianisidine) | 2B | R | ||
| 3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride | R | |||
| dimethyl sulfate | 2A | R | A3 | |
| michler’s ketone | R | |||
| trans-2-[(dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole |
2B | |||
| para-dimethylaminoazobenzene | yes | 2B | R | |
| 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-xylidine) | 2B | |||
| 3,3’-dimethylbenzidine (o-tolidine) | 2B | R | A3 | |
| dimethylcarbamoyl chloride | 2A | R | A2 | |
| 1,1-dimethylhydrazine | 2B | R | A3 | |
| 1,2-dimethylhydrazine | 2A | |||
| 3,7-dinitrofluorantene | 2B | |||
| 3,9-dinitrofluoranthene | 2B | |||
| 1,6-dinitropyrene, and 1,8 dinitropyrene | 2B | R | ||
| dinitrotoluene, 2,4 and 2,6 dinitrotoluene | 2B | A3 | ||
| 1,4-dioxane | 2B | R | A3 | |
| direct black 38 | R | |||
| direct blue 6 | R | |||
| disperse blue 1 | 2B | R | ||
| dry cleaning, (occupational exposures in) | 2B | |||
| engine exhaust, gasoline | 2B | |||
| epichlorohydrin | 2A | R | A3 | |
| 1,2-epoxybutane | 2B | |||
| epstein-barr virus | 1 | |||
| erionite | 1 | K | ||
| estrogens (not conjugated), estradiol-17 beta, and estrone, and ethinylestradiol, and mestranol |
R | |||
| ethyl acrylate | 2B | R | ||
| ethyl bromide | A3 | |||
| chloroethane | A3 | |||
| ethyl methanesulfonate | 2B | R | ||
| n-ethyl-N-nitrosourea | 2A | R | ||
| ethylene dibromide | 2A | R | A3 | |
| ethylene oxide | yes | 1 | R | A2 |
| ethylene thiourea | 2B | R | ||
| ethyleneimine (aziridine) | yes | 2B | A3 | |
| foreign bodies implanted in tissue | 2B | |||
| formaldehyde gas | yes | 2A | R | A2 |
| 2-(2-formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole | 2B | |||
| fowler’s solution | 1 | |||
| fuel oil, residual (heavy) | 2B | |||
| furan | 2B | R | ||
| furfural | A3 | |||
| furniture and cabinet making | 1 | |||
| fusarium moniliforme (toxins derived from) | 2B | |||
| gasoline, including unleaded | 2B | A3 | ||
| glass wool fibers | 2B | R | A3 | |
| glu-p-1 (2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3’,2’-d]imidazole | 2B | |||
| glu-p-2 (2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3’2’-d]imidazole | 2B | |||
| glycidaldehyde | 2B | |||
| glycidol | R | A3 | ||
| griseofulvin | 2B | |||
| hc blue #1 | 2B | |||
| hematite mining, underground with exposure to radon | 1 | |||
| hairdresser or barber, occupational exposure | 2A | |||
| helicobacter pylori, infection with | 1 | |||
| hepatitis b and c virus, (chronic infection with) | 1 | |||
| heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide | 2B | A3 | ||
| hexachlorobenzene | 2B | R | A3 | |
| hexachlorobutadiene | A3 | |||
| hexachlorocyclohexanes (all isomers) alpha, beta, gamma | 2B | R | ||
| hexachloroethane | 2B | R | A3 | |
| hexamethylphosphoramide | 2B | R | A3 | |
| hot mate | 2A | |||
| human t-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 | 1 | |||
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) | 1 | |||
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) | 2B | |||
| human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 | 1 | |||
| human papillomavirus type 31 and 33 | 2A | |||
| human papillomavirus type other than 16,18, 31 and 33 | 2B | |||
| hydrazine, methyl hydrazine | 2B | R | A3 | |
| hydrazine sulfate | R | |||
| hydrazobenzene | R | |||
| hydrogen peroxide | A3 | |||
| hydroquinone | A3 | |||
| IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) | 2A | |||
| indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | 2B | R | ||
| iron and steel founding | 1 | |||
| iron-dextran complex | 2B | R | ||
| isophorone | A3 | |||
| isoprene | 2B | |||
| isopropanol manufacture (strong acid process) | 1 | |||
| kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus/human herpes virus 8 | 2A | |||
| lasiocarpine | 2B | |||
| lead acetate, lead acetate (II) and trihydrate | R | |||
| lead and lead compounds, inorganic | 2B | A3 | ||
| lead chromate | K | A2 | ||
| lead chromate (VI) oxide | 1 | K | ||
| lead phosphate | 2B | R | ||
| lindane | A3 | |||
| MOPP & combined chemotherapy including alkylating agent | 1 | |||
| magenta, containing Cl basic red 9 | 2B | |||
| magenta, manufacture of | 1 | |||
| mea-alpha-c (2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) | 2B | |||
| medroxyprogesterone acetate | 2B | |||
| MelQ (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5f]quinoline | 2B | |||
| MelQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline | 2B | |||
| melphalan | 1 | K | ||
| merphalan | 2B | |||
| 5-methoxypsoralen | 2A | |||
| 8-methoxypsoralen (methoxsalen) plus uv radiation & uv (a) | 1 | K | ||
| methyl mercury compounds | 2B | |||
| methyl methanesulfonate | 2A | R | ||
| 2-methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (uncertain purity) | 2B | |||
| n-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) | 2A | R | ||
| n-methyl-N-nitrosourea | 2A | R | ||
| n-methyl-N-nitrosourethane | 2B | |||
| methyl-tert butyl ether | A3 | |||
| 2-methylaziridine (propyleneimine) | 2B | R | A3 | |
| methylazoxymethanol, and its acetate | 2B | |||
| 5-methylchrysene | 2B | R | ||
| 4,4’-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) | 2A | R | A2 | |
| 4,4’-methylene bis(2-methylaniline) | 2B | |||
| 4,4’-methylene bis(n,n-dimethyl)benzenamine | R | |||
| 4,4’-methylenedianiline | yes | 2B | R | A3 |
| 4,4’-methylenedianiline dihydrochloride | R | |||
| methylthiouracil | 2B | |||
| metronidazole | 2B | R | ||
| mineral oil, petroleum residual oils, acid treated, condensates | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, acid treated heavy naphthenic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, acid treated heavy paraffinic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, acid treated light naphthenic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, acid treated light paraffinic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, heavy & light naphthenic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, heavy & light paraphinic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, hydrotreated heavy paraffinic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, hydrotreated light paraffinic | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-dewaxed heavy or light naphthenic (mild or no solvent-refining or hydrotreatment) |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic (mild or no solvent-refining or hydrotreatment) |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-refined (mild) heavy or light paraffinic |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-refined (mild) light naphthenic |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum extracts, heavy or light naphthenic distillate solvent |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum extracts, light or heavy paraffinic distillate solvent |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum extracts, residual oil solvent | 1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum naphthenic oils, catalytic dewaxed heavy or light (mild or no solvent-refining or hydrotreatment) |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum paraffin oils, catalytic dewaxed heavy (mild or no solvent-refining hydrotreatment) |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, hydrotreated (mild) heavy or light naphthenic |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-dewaxed light paraffinic (mild or no solvent-refining or hydrotreatment) |
1 | |||
| mineral oil, petroleum distillates, solvent-refined (mild) heavy naphthenic |
1 | |||
| mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated | 1 | K | ||
| mirex | 2B | R | ||
| mitomycin c | 2B | |||
| molybdate orange | 1 | |||
| monocrotaline | 2B | |||
| 5-(morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone | 2B | |||
| mustard gas | 1 | K | ||
| nafenopin | 2B | |||
| 2-naphthylamine (alpha) | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| nickel alloy, Ni 47-59, Co 17-20, Cr 13-17, Mo 4.5-5.7, Al 3.7-4.7, Ti 3-4, Fe 0-1, C 0-0.1 (AISI 687) |
2B | |||
| nickel biscyclopentadiene | R | |||
| nickel carbonyl (as Ni) | R | |||
| nickel compounds | 1 | |||
| nickel hydroxide, nickel (II) hydroxide, nickel (III) hydroxide | R | |||
| nickel sulfide (3:2) | R | A1 | ||
| nickel (II) acetate (1:2) | R | |||
| nickel (II) carbonate (1:1) | R | |||
| nickel (II) oxide (1:1) | R | |||
| nickel, insoluble compounds, as Ni | A1 | |||
| nickel, compound with pi-cyclopentadienyl (1:2) | R | |||
| nickel, metallic and alloys | 2B | R | ||
| niridazole | 2B | |||
| nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts | 2B | R | ||
| nitrilotriacetic acid disodium salt monohydrate | 2B | |||
| nitrilotriacetic acid monosodium salt | 2B | |||
| nitrilotriacetic acid sodium salt | 2B | |||
| nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt monohydrate | 2B | |||
| nitrilotriacetic acid disodium salt and trisodium salt | 2B | |||
| N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide | 2B | |||
| 5-nitroacenaphthene | 2B | |||
| 2-nitroanisole | 2B | R | ||
| nitrobenzene | 2B | A3 | ||
| 4-nitrobiphenyl | yes | A2 | ||
| p-nitrochlorobenzene | A3 | |||
| 6-nitrochrysene | 2B | R | ||
| nitrofen, (technical-grade) | 2B | R | ||
| 2-nitrofluorene | 2B | |||
| 1-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone | 2B | |||
| nitrogen mustard, and hydrochloride | 2A | R | ||
| nitrogen mustard N-oxide, and N-oxide hydrochloride | 2B | |||
| 2-nitropropane | 2B | R | A3 | |
| 1-nitropyrene, and 4-nitropyrene | 2B | R | ||
| n-nitrosobutylbutanolamine | R | |||
| n-nitrosobutylcarboxypropylamine | R | |||
| N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrosodiethanolamine | 2B | R | ||
| n-nitrosodiethylamine | 2A | R | ||
| n-nitrosodimethylamine | yes | 2A | R | A3 |
| 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) | 2B | R | ||
| 3-(N-nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile | 2B | |||
| N-nitrosomethylethylamine | 2B | |||
| N-nitrosomethylvinylamine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrosomorpholine | 2B | R | ||
| N’-nitrosonornicotine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrosopiperidine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrosopyrrolidine | 2B | R | ||
| N-nitrososarcosine | 2B | R | ||
| norethisterone | R | |||
| ochratoxin A | 2B | R | ||
| oestrogen-proestrogen therapy, postmenopausal | 2B | |||
| oestrogens, steroidal and nonsteroidal | 1 | |||
| oil orange SS | 2B | |||
| opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) | 1 | |||
| oral contraceptives, sequential and combined | 1 | |||
| oxazepam | 2B | |||
| oxymetholone | R | |||
| painter (occupational exposure as a) | 1 | |||
| palygorskite (attapulgite) (long fibers, >5 micrometers | 2B | |||
| panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine) | 2B | |||
| pentachlorobiphenyl | R | |||
| pentachlorophenol | A3 | |||
| petroleum refining (occupational exposures in) | 2A | |||
| petroleum residues, thermal cracked | 2A | |||
| phenacetin | 2A | R | ||
| phenazopyridine hydrochloride | 2B | R | ||
| phenobarbital | 2B | |||
| phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride | 2B | R | ||
| phenyl glycidyl ether | 2B | A3 | ||
| o-phenylenediamine | A3 | |||
| phenylhydrazine | A3 | |||
| phenytoin | 2B | R | ||
| PhlP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine | 2B | |||
| pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia) | 2B | |||
| piperazine estrone sulfate (conjugated estrogen) | K | |||
| polybrominated biphenyl (FF-1), and (PBBs), firemaster BP-6, octabromobiphenyl |
2B | R | ||
| polychlorinated biphenyl (aroclor 1254) | 2A | R | A3 | |
| polychlorinated biphenyl (aroclor 1260), and kanechlor | R | |||
| polychlorinated biphenyl [PCBs] | 2A | R | ||
| polychlorophenols and their sodium salts (mixed exposures) | 2B | |||
| polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) | R | |||
| ponceau 3r | 2B | |||
| ponceau mx | 2B | |||
| potassium bromate | 2B | |||
| potassium chromate (VI), and dichromate (VI) | 1 | K | ||
| printing processes (occupational exposures in) | 2B | |||
| procarbazine hydrochloride | 2A | R | ||
| progesterone | R | |||
| progestins | 2B | |||
| progestrogen-only contraceptives | 2B | |||
| 1,3-propane sultone | 2B | R | A3 | |
| beta-propiolactone | yes | 2B | R | A3 |
| propoxur (baygon) | A3 | |||
| propylene oxide | 2B | R | A3 | |
| propylthioracil | 2B | R | ||
| radon and its decay products | 1 | K | ||
| reserpine | R | |||
| rock wool fibers | 2B | A3 | ||
| rubber industry | 1 | |||
| saccharin, and saccharin sodium salt | 2B | R | ||
| saccharin calcium | R | |||
| safrole | 2B | R | ||
| salted fish (Chinese style) | 1 | |||
| schistosoma haematobium (infection with) | 1 | |||
| schistosoma japonicum (infection with) | 2B | |||
| selenium sulfide | R | |||
| senarmontite | 2B | |||
| shale-oils | 1 | |||
| silica, crystalline | 1 | R | ||
| silica, crystalline cristobalite and tridymite | 2A | R | ||
| silica, crystalline tripoli | 2A | |||
| silicic acid, beryllium salt | 1 | |||
| slag wool fibers | 2B | A3 | ||
| sodium dichromate (VI) | 1 | K | ||
| sodium ortho-phenylphenate | 2B | |||
| solar radiation | 1 | |||
| soots | 1 | K | ||
| sterigmatocystin | 2B | |||
| streptozotocin | 2B | 2 | ||
| strontium chromate (VI) | 1 | K | A2 | |
| styrene | 2B | |||
| styrene-7,8-oxide | 2A | |||
| sulfallate | 2B | R | ||
| sulfur trioxide | 1 | |||
| sulfuric acid, strong inorganic mists, occupational exposure to | 1 | A2 | ||
| sunlamps and sunbeds | 2A | |||
| synthetic vitreous fibers | A3 | |||
| talc (containing asbestos or asbestiform fibers) | 1 | |||
| tamoxifen | 1 | |||
| tars | 1 | |||
| 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) | 1 | R | ||
| 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane | A3 | |||
| tetrachloroethylene | 2A | R | A3 | |
| tetrafluoroethylene | 2B | |||
| tetranitromethane | 2B | R | A3 | |
| textile manufacturing industry (work in) | 2B | |||
| thioacetamide | 2B | R | ||
| 4,4’-thiodianiline | 2B | |||
| thiotepa | 2A | K | ||
| thiourea | 2B | R | ||
| thorium dioxide | K | |||
| tobacco smoke, tobacco products, smokeless | 1 | |||
| 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, and 2,4- | 2B | |||
| toluene diisocyanate (mixed isomers) | 2B | R | ||
| o-toluenesulfonamide | 2B | |||
| p-toluidine | A3 | |||
| o-toluidine hydrochloride | R | |||
| ortho-toluidine | 2B | R | A3 | |
| toxaphene (polychlorinated camphenes) | 2B | R | A3 | |
| treosulphan | 1 | |||
| trichlormethine (trimustine hydrochloride) | 2B | |||
| trichloroacetic acid | A3 | |||
| trichloroethylene | 2A | |||
| 2,4,6-trichlorophenol | R | |||
| 1,2,3-trichloropropane | 2A | R | A3 | |
| tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate | 2A | R | ||
| trp-P-1(3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) | 2B | |||
| trp-P-2(3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole | 2B | |||
| trypan blue | 2B | |||
| ultraviolet radiation A, and B, and C | 2A | |||
| uracil mustard | 2B | |||
| uranium (as U) | A1 | |||
| urethane | 2B | R | ||
| vm & p naphtha | A3 | |||
| valentinite | 2B | |||
| vinyl acetate | 2B | A3 | ||
| vinyl bromide | 2A | A2 | ||
| vinyl chloride | yes | 1 | K | A1 |
| 4-vinyl cyclohexene | 2B | A3 | ||
| vinyl fluoride | 2A | A2 | ||
| 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide | 2B | R | A3 | |
| welding fumes | 2B | |||
| wood dust (certain hard woods as beech & oak) | 1 | A1 | ||
| xylidine | A3 | |||
| zinc chromate (VI) | 1 | K | A1 | |
| zinc chromate (VI) hydroxide | 1 | |||
| zinc chromates as Cr (zinc potassium chromate) | A1 | |||
| zinc chromates as Cr (zinc yellow) | A1 |
[ Back to top ]
PARTIAL LIST OF REPRODUCTIVE TOXINS
(From: "Reproductive Hazards of the Workplace" by Linda M. Frazier, MD, MPH & Marvin L. Hage, MD)
CHEMICAL / ROUTE OF ENTRY |
COMMENTS / POTENTIAL PROBLEMS |
acrylamide [resp/skin] |
animal-decrease copulatory behavior & fertility, possible fetotoxin |
acrylates [resp/skin] |
animal-possible fetotoxin, decrease in fetal size |
aflatoxin B1 [oral/resp] |
human-mutagen, decrease male fertility, animal-teratogen, fetotoxin, decrease sperm counts, increase sperm abnormalities |
aldicarb [resp/skin/oral] |
human-at near toxic levels may cause stillbirth |
aluminum [resp] |
animal-neurotoxin mid to late term |
ammonia [resp] |
human-spermicide |
anesthetic gases (enflurane, halothane, nitrous oxide) [resp] |
human-decrease in female fertility when exposed to nitrous oxide > 5 hours a week, mixed gases may increase chance of spontaneous abortion, decrease birth weight, animal-teratogen, embryotoxin, nitrous oxide- reduced sperm counts, mixed gases-possible reduced fertility, |
aniline & derivatives [resp/skin] |
human-possible menstrual & ovarian disorders, reduction of , maternal and fetal blood oxygen |
antimony [resp] |
animal-increase spontaneous abortion rate |
antineoplastic agent [resp/oral/skin] |
human-testicular & ovarian dysfunction, permanent sterility, increased rate of spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, decrease birth weight, animal-teratogen, embryolethal |
arsine [resp] |
animal-teratogen |
arsenic [resp/skin/oral] |
human-possible chromosomal and testicular toxin, increased rate of spontaneous abortion, teratogen, mutagen, fetotoxin |
barium [resp/oral] |
animal-soluble compound (carbonate, chloride) acute testicular toxicity |
benomyl [resp/oral] |
human-possible teratogen, animal-possible teratogen, testicular toxin, increase rate of post implantation mortality, |
benzene [resp/skin] |
animal-fetal death, delayed ossification |
beryllium [resp] |
possible human mutagen (sperm), fetal stunting, pre-implantation mortality |
boric acid [skin/resp] |
animal-high dose tests- borax is testicular toxin, female impaired fertility |
1,3-butadiene [resp] |
human-increased rate of abnormal sperm, animal-reduced fetal weight |
cadmium [resp/oral] |
human mutagen, decrease in motility counts, testicular necrosis, may prevent egg implantation, increase stillbirth rate, animal-teratogen, fetotoxic |
captan [oral/resp] |
human-mutagen, possible teratogen, animal-possible teratogen, testicular toxin, increase post implant mortality |
carbaryl [oral/resp/skin] |
human-weak mutagen, animal-increased rate of sperm abnormality, decreased sperm counts & function, teratogen only at toxic levels |
carbon disulfide [resp/skin] |
human-reduced male libido, alterations of menstrual cycle, increased rate of spontaneous abortion and neurobehavioral abnormalities after birth |
carbon monoxide [resp] |
human-fetal asphyxiation, increased rate of neurological abnormalities, malformations, animal-reduced fetal weight, |
chlordecone [skin/resp/oral/ocular] |
human-decreased motility, animal-reduced male fertility, reduced litter size, increase in mouse resorptions, subtle neurobehavioral changes |
chlorine dioxide, chlorite, chlorate [resp/skin/oral] |
animal-reduced weight between birth and weaning |
chloroform [resp/skin] |
animal-increased rate of fetal loss, reduced fertility |
chloroprene [resp] |
human-possible increase in spontaneous abortion rate , animal-reduced male fertility |
chlorpryrifos [oral/skin] |
animal-near lethal doses decrease sperm motility, possible neurotoxin |
chromium [resp] |
human genotoxin, decreased motility counts |
cobalt [resp] |
animal-seminiferous tubule degeneration |
copper [resp] |
human-direct contact is toxic to sperm, low motility counts |
cyfluthrin [oral/resp/skin] |
animal-large exposures through pregnancy caused neurological dysfunction |
cypermethrin [oral/resp] |
animal-large exposures through pregnancy caused neurological dysfunction |
2,4-D [skin] |
human-(reversible) abnormal sperm, animal-possible teratogen at toxic levels |
DDT [resp/ocular/skin/oral] |
human-possible male infertility, |
DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) [skin/oral] |
human-at (maternal) high dose exposures there is an increase in acute neurotoxic symptoms in children |
diazinon [oral/skin] |
animal-teratogen, reduced genital weight, decreased motility, increase in sperm mortality |
dibromochloropropane [oral/skin/resp] |
human-testicular damage, animal-mutagen, genotoxin |
dicamba [skin/resp] |
animal-(single study) induced unscheduled DNA synthesis |
1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane [resp/skin] |
animal-mutagen, causes testicular degeneration, reduced sperm counts, abnormal sperm |
dimethylformamide [resp/skin] |
human-possible testicular cancer, inconsistent data indicates teratogen |
epichlorhydrin [resp/skin] |
animal-male reproductive toxin, sterility, |
ethidium bromide [skin/resp] |
animal-mutagen, embryotoxin |
ethyl alcohol [resp/oral/skin] |
human-high doses suggest an increased rate of miscarriages & stillbirths, fetal alcohol syndrome, occupational exposure problems rarely encountered |
ethylene bisdithiocarbamate [resp] |
animal-possible teratogen near lethal dose |
ethylene oxide [resp] |
human-teratogen, increased rate of spontaneous abortions, animal-teratogen, testicular toxin, increased rate of sterility, decreased fertility |
formaldehyde [resp] |
human-one study suggests a slight % increase in spontaneous abortion and subtle neurobehavioral abnormalities, animal-decreased sperm motility, reduced fetal & maternal weight |
glutaraldehyde [resp/oral/skin] |
animal-cytotoxin (bacteria) |
glycidyl ethers [skin/resp] |
animal-testicular atrophy |
glyphosate [oral/skin] |
animal-sperm count reduction at high concentrations |
hair dyes [skin] |
human-may cause neuroblastoma, animal-bacterial mutagen (coal tar) |
hexachlorobenzene [oral/resp] |
human-long half life, excessive exposures can result from breast milk, animal-menstrual irregularities, neonatal lethality at high doses |
hexane (n-) [resp] |
animal-testicular toxin, reduced fetal weight |
hydrazine & derivatives [resp] |
animal-abnormal sperm, reduced fetal weight, increased rate of resorptions, |
hydrogen cyanide [resp/skin] |
animal-impaired spermatogenesis & fertility, reduced brain function |
hydrogen sulfide [resp] |
human-fetal asphyxiation, increased rate of menstrual irregularities, |
hydroquinone [resp/skin] |
animal-reduced testicular weight, increased rate of resorptions, recent studies suggest that hydroquinone is not a reproductive toxin |
indium [resp] |
animal-teratogen, testicular and sperm abnormalities |
iron [resp] |
human-decline in semen parameters, |
isocyanates [resp] |
human-increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirths, animal-male decrease in successful matings, female persistent diestrus, increased rate of resorptions, |
lead [resp/oral/skin] |
human-decrease in motility counts, increased rate of preterm deliveries, stillbirths, neurological abnormalities |
lindane [resp/skin] |
animal-testicular degeneration, altered fetal steroid metabolism |
malathion [oral/skin] |
human-(applicators) increase in chromosomal abnormalities, animal-testicular atrophy |
manganese [resp] |
human-possible decline in sperm parameters (excessive exposure & manganese deficient), animal-adverse neurodevelopmental effects from breast milk, retarded offspring growth |
mercury [resp/oral/skin] |
human-mutagen, teratogen, neurotoxin, increased rate of spontaneous abortion, embryolethal, menstrual irregularities |
methyl alcohol [resp/oral/skin] |
animal-decrease testicle size, reduced sperm counts, high dose (inhale >5,000 ppm) teratogen, |
methyl bromide [resp] |
animal-(high dose studies near toxic levels) mutagen, genotoxin |
methyl chloride [resp] |
animal-reduced male fertility, testicular degeneration, heart valve defects |
methyl ethyl ketone [resp] |
animal-at high doses (3,000 ppm-7 hour days) minor birth defects |
methylene chloride [resp/skin] |
animal-fetotoxic, neurologic deficits because it is metabolized into CO |
methylpyrrolidone (N)[resp/skin] |
animal-fetotoxin |
molybdenum [resp/oral] |
human-mutagen, animal-embryolethal |
nickel [resp/oral] |
human-mutagen, decline in semen parameters, animal-embryolethal, increased rate of fetal growth retardation and skeletal anomalies |
nitriles [resp/skin] |
animal-teratogen, reduced sperm counts, increased rate of resorptions, |
nitrates, nitrites & organic nitro compounds [resp/skin/oral] |
human-reduced oxygen uptake causing oxygen debt, animal-testicular toxin, abortifacient |
paraquat [resp/oral/skin] |
animal-mutagen, embryotoxin |
pentamidine [resp/skin/oral] |
animal-increased rate of resorptions |
perchloroethylene [resp] |
human-possible increased rate of spontaneous abortion (only a few studies were completed) |
permethrin [oral/resp] |
animal-large exposures through pregnancy caused neurological dysfunction |
phenol [skin/resp/oral] |
animal-minimal embryotoxin |
phenoxyacid herbicides [oral] |
animal-fetotoxin at high doses |
phthalates [oral/resp/skin] |
animal-possible teratogen, testicular toxin, increased rate of resorptions & stillbirths |
polybrominated biphenyls [oral/skin/resp] |
animal-possible prolonged menstrual cycles, blocked implantation, increased rate of resorptions, increased fetal liver weight |
polychloronated biphenyls [skin/oral] |
human-hyperpigmentaion, possible reduction of birth weights do to shortened gestation, neurological delay, animal-testicular toxin, reduced female conception rates, fetotoxin at high dose, decrease birth weight, |
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [resp/oral] |
animal-gonadotoxin, increased rate of stillbirths & resorptions, |
providone-iodine [skin/oral] |
human-possible fetal goiter due to elevated iodine levels |
selenium [resp/oral] |
animal-teratogen, embryolethal |
sodium azide [oral/resp] |
animal-embryotoxin, increased rate of resorptions |
styrene [resp/skin] |
human-associated with sperm abnormalities, menstrual disorders, animal-possible genotoxin |
tellurium [resp] |
human-does not cross the placenta, animal-mutagen |
thallium [resp/oral/skin] |
human-induces abortion, absorbed by testicles, animal-lethal mutagen, teratogen |
tin [resp/skin] |
animal-possible increase in subtle neurological & skeletal deformities |
titanium dioxide [resp] |
animal-embryolethal, reduction in litter sizes |
toluene [resp/skin] |
human-increased rate of spontaneous abortion at 50-150 ppm TWA, intentional inhalation-microcephali, growth retardation, learning delayed |
1,1,1-trichloroethane [resp/skin] |
human-acute exposure at high concentrations cause fetal death (drug abuse) |
trichloroethylene [resp/skin] |
human-decreased libido, increase in menstrual disorders at levels that effect CNS |
tungsten [resp] |
animal-possible embryolethal (single study) |
uranium [resp/oral] |
animal-nephrotoxin, genotoxin (from radiation) |
vanadium pentoxide [resp] |
animal-mutagen (at high doses), decrease in fertility rates |
vinyl chloride [resp] |
human-increased rate of impotence, decreased libido, decreased testosterone, change in menstrual cycles, pregnancy complications |
xylene [resp/skin] |
animal-increased rate of abnormal sperm, may also be genotoxic and mutagenic (rats only) |
zinc chloride & oxide [resp] |
human-deficiency is teratogenic and can cause behavioral abnormalities, zinc salts are spermicidal |
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Partial List of Toxic Metals and Metal Compounds
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Compounds with a High Degree of Acute Toxicity
Definition:
|
Toxic |
Highly Toxic |
|
| Oral LD50 (albino rats) |
50-500 mg/kg | <50 mg/kg |
| Skin Contact LD50 (albino rabbits) |
200-1000 mg/kg | <200 mg/kg |
| Inhalation LD50 (albino rats) |
200-2000 ppm/air | <200 ppm/air |
Any chemical meeting criteria for Highly Toxic column is considered by OSHA as a particularly hazardous substance.
Examples:
Acrolein |
Nickel Carbonyl |
Arsine |
Nitrogen dioxide |
Chlorine |
Osmium tetroxide |
Diazomethane |
Ozone |
Diborane (gas) |
Phosgene |
Hydrogen cyanide |
Sodium azide |
Hydrogen fluoride |
Sodium cyanide |
Methyl fluorosulfonate |
(and other cyanide salts) |
Source: Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, National Academy Press, pg. 42, (1995)
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